- Mr LI Tzar Kuoi, Victor (Chairman and Group Co-Managing Director)
- Mr FOK Kin Ning, Canning(Group Co-Managing Director)
- Mr Frank John SIXT (Group Finance Director and Deputy Managing Director)
- Mr IP Tak Chuen, Edmond (Deputy Managing Director)
- Mr KAM Hing Lam (Deputy Managing Director)
- Mr LAI Kai Ming, Dominic (Deputy Managing Director)
- Ms Edith SHIH
- Mr CHOW Kun Chee, Roland
- Mr LEE Yeh Kwong, Charles
- Mr George Colin MAGNUS
- Ms WOO Mo Fong, Susan (alias Mrs CHOW WOO Mo Fong, Susan)
- Mr Philip Lawrence KADOORIE
- Ms LAU Yau Fun, Sophie (alias LEUNG LAU Yau Fun, Sophie)
- Ms LEE Wai Mun, Rose
- Mr Paul Joseph TIGHE
- Mr WONG Kwai Lam
- Dr WONG Yick-ming, Rosanna
CK HUTCHISON HOLDINGS LIMITED
(the "Company")
- LI Tzar Kuoi, Victor, aged 58, has been a Director of the Company since December 2014. He was designated as Executive Director, Managing Director and Deputy Chairman of the Company in January 2015, re-designated as Executive Director, Group Co-Managing Director and Deputy Chairman of the Company in June 2015, and appointed as Chairman of the Company since May 2018. Mr Li has been a member of the Remuneration Committee and Nomination Committee of the Company since May 2018 and January 2019 respectively. He joined Cheung Kong (Holdings) Limited (“Cheung Kong (Holdings)”) in 1985 and acted as Deputy Managing Director from 1993 to 1998. He was Deputy Chairman of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since 1994, Managing Director since 1999 and Chairman of the Executive Committee since 2013 until June 2015. The listing status of Cheung Kong (Holdings) on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited (the “SEHK”) was replaced by the Company in March 2015 and he was re-designated as Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) in June 2015. He was an Executive Director of Hutchison Whampoa Limited (“HWL”) since 1995 and Deputy Chairman since 1999 and was re-designated as Director in June 2015 upon the privatisation of HWL by way of a scheme of arrangement, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Mr Li is Chairman, Managing Director and Executive Director of CK Asset Holdings Limited (“CKA”), Chairman of CK Infrastructure Holdings Limited (“CKI”) and CK Life Sciences Int’l., (Holdings) Inc. (“CKLS”), a Non-executive Director of Power Assets Holdings Limited (“Power Assets”) and HK Electric Investments Manager Limited (“HKEIML”) as the trustee-manager of HK Electric Investments (“HKEI”) and a Non-executive Director and Deputy Chairman of HK Electric Investments Limited (“HKEIL”). Save and except CKA, the aforementioned companies are either subsidiaries or associated companies of the Group of which Mr Li has oversight as Director of the Company. Mr Li is also the Deputy Chairman of Li Ka Shing Foundation Limited and Li Ka Shing (Global) Foundation, Member Deputy Chairman of Li Ka Shing (Canada) Foundation, and a Director of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited. He serves as a member of the Standing Committee of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (“CPPCC”) of the People’s Republic of China. He is also Vice Chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce. Mr Li is the Honorary Consul of Barbados in Hong Kong and is awarded the Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Italy. He was previously a member of the Chief Executive’s Council of Advisers on Innovation and Strategic Development of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering, a Master of Science degree in Civil Engineering and a degree of Doctor of Laws, honoris causa (LL.D.). Mr Li is the elder son of Mr Li Ka-shing, the Senior Advisor and a substantial shareholder (within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Chapter 571 of the Laws of Hong Kong) (the “SFO”)) of the Company, and a nephew of Mr Kam Hing Lam, Deputy Managing Director of the Company. Mr Li is a director of certain substantial shareholders of the Company and certain companies controlled by substantial shareholders of the Company.
- FOK Kin Ning, Canning, aged 71, has been a Non-executive Director of the Company since January 2015 and was re-designated as an Executive Director and Group Co-Managing Director of the Company in June 2015. Mr Fok was a Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since 1985 and became a Non-executive Director in 1993 until June 2015. The listing status of Cheung Kong (Holdings) on the SEHK was replaced by the Company in March 2015 and he was re-designated as Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) in June 2015. Mr Fok was an Executive Director of HWL since 1984, Group Managing Director since 1993 and was re-designated as Director in June 2015 upon the privatisation of HWL by way of a scheme of arrangement, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. He is also Chairman of Hutchison Telecommunications Hong Kong Holdings Limited (“HTHKH”), Hutchison Telecommunications (Australia) Limited (“HTAL”), Hutchison Port Holdings Management Pte. Limited (“HPHM”) as the trustee-manager of Hutchison Port Holdings Trust (“HPH Trust”), Power Assets, TPG Telecom Limited (“TPG”), HKEIML as the trustee-manager of HKEI, and HKEIL, Deputy Chairman of CKI, a Director of Cenovus Energy Inc. (“Cenovus Energy”) and Deputy President of the Board of Commissioners of PT Indosat Tbk (“PT Indosat”). The aforementioned companies are either subsidiaries or associated companies of the Group of which Mr Fok has oversight as Director of the Company. Mr Fok is a director of certain companies controlled by a substantial shareholder (within the meaning of the SFO) of the Company. Mr Fok holds a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Diploma in Financial Management, and is a Fellow of Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand.
- Frank John SIXT, aged 71, has been a Non-executive Director of the Company since January 2015 and was re-designated as an Executive Director, Group Finance Director and Deputy Managing Director of the Company in June 2015. He has been Chairman of the Sustainability Committee of the Company since June 2020. Mr Sixt was an Executive Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since 1991 and became a Non-executive Director in 1998 until June 2015. The listing status of Cheung Kong (Holdings) on the SEHK was replaced by the Company in March 2015 and he was re-designated as Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) in June 2015. He was an Executive Director of HWL since 1991, Group Finance Director since 1998 and was re-designated as Director in June 2015 upon the privatisation of HWL by way of a scheme of arrangement, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. He is also Non-executive Chairman of TOM Group Limited (“TOM”), an Executive Director of CKI, a Director of HTAL and Cenovus Energy, a Non-executive Director of TPG, a member of the Board of Commissioners of PT Indosat and an Alternate Director to Directors of HTAL, HKEIML as the trustee-manager of HKEI, and HKEIL. The aforementioned companies are either subsidiaries or associated companies of the Group of which Mr Sixt has oversight as Director of the Company. He has almost four decades of legal, global finance and risk management experience, and possesses deep expertise in overseeing financial reporting system, risk management and internal control systems as well as sustainability issues and related risks. Mr Sixt is a director of certain substantial shareholders (within the meaning of the SFO) of the Company and certain companies controlled by substantial shareholders of the Company. Mr Sixt holds a Master’s degree in Arts and a Bachelor’s degree in Civil Law, and is a member of the Bar and of the Law Society of the Provinces of Québec and Ontario, Canada.
- IP Tak Chuen, Edmond, aged 70, has been a Director of the Company since December 2014 and was designated as an Executive Director and Deputy Managing Director of the Company in January 2015. He is an Executive Director and a Deputy Managing Director of CKA. Mr Ip was an Executive Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since 1993 and Deputy Managing Director since 2005 until June 2015. The listing status of Cheung Kong (Holdings) on the SEHK was replaced by the Company in March 2015 and he was re-designated as Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) in June 2015. Mr Ip is also an Executive Director and Deputy Chairman of CKI, Senior Vice President and Chief Investment Officer of CKLS, and a Non-executive Director of Hui Xian Asset Management Limited (“HXAML”) as the manager of Hui Xian Real Estate Investment Trust (“Hui Xian REIT”). Save and except CKA and HXAML, the aforementioned companies are either subsidiaries or associated companies of the Group of which Mr Ip has oversight as Director of the Company. Mr Ip is a director of certain companies controlled by substantial shareholders (within the meaning of the SFO) of the Company. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and a Master of Science degree in Business Administration.
- KAM Hing Lam, aged 76, has been an Executive Director and Deputy Managing Director of the Company since January 2015. He is also an Executive Director and Deputy Managing Director of CKA. Mr Kam was Deputy Managing Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since 1993 until June 2015. The listing status of Cheung Kong (Holdings) on the SEHK was replaced by the Company in March 2015 and he was re-designated as Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) in June 2015. He is also Group Managing Director of CKI and the President of CKLS. Mr Kam was an Executive Director of HWL since 1993 and was re-designated as Director in June 2015 upon the privatisation of HWL by way of a scheme of arrangement, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. He is also Chairman of HXAML as the manager of Hui Xian REIT. Save and except CKA and HXAML, the aforementioned companies are either subsidiaries or associated companies of the Group of which Mr Kam has oversight as Director of the Company. Prior to joining the Group, Mr Kam had more than 20 years of experience in senior and regional capacities at major US multinational companies, including Johnson and Johnson, American Express and Levi Strauss. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering and a Master’s degree in Business Administration. Mr Kam is the brother-in-law of Mr Li Ka-shing, the Senior Advisor and a substantial shareholder (within the meaning of the SFO) of the Company, and an uncle of Mr Li Tzar Kuoi, Victor, Chairman and Group Co-Managing Director of the Company.
- LAI Kai Ming, Dominic, aged 69, has been an Executive Director and Deputy Managing Director of the Company since June 2015. He was Finance Director and Chief Operating Officer of the A.S. Watson Group, the retail arm of the Company, from 1994 to 1997 and Group Managing Director of the Harbour Plaza Hotel Management Group, the former hotel business of HWL, from 1998 to 2000. Mr Lai was an Executive Director of HWL since 2000 and was re-designated as Director in June 2015 upon the privatisation of HWL by way of a scheme of arrangement, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. He is a Non-executive Director of HTHKH, a Director of HTAL and a member of the Board of Commissioners of PT Duta Intidaya Tbk (“PTDI”). He is also an Alternate Director to Directors of HTHKH, HTAL and TOM. The aforementioned companies are either subsidiaries or associated companies of the Group of which Mr Lai has oversight as Director of the Company. Mr Lai has over 35 years of management experience in different industries. He holds a Bachelor of Science (Hons) degree and a Master’s degree in Business Administration.
- Edith SHIH, aged 70, has been an Executive Director of the Company since January 2017 and a member of the Sustainability Committee of the Company since June 2020. Ms Shih is also the Company Secretary of the Company and was the Head Group General Counsel of the Company from June 2015 to March 2017. She was previously the Head Group General Counsel of HWL from 1993 to June 2015 and has been the Company Secretary of HWL since 1997. HWL was privatised by way of a scheme of arrangement in June 2015 and is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. Ms Shih is in addition a Non-executive Director of HTHKH, HUTCHMED (China) Limited (formerly known as Hutchison China MediTech Limited) and HPHM as the trustee-manager of HPH Trust as well as a member of the Board of Commissioners of PTDI. The aforementioned companies are either subsidiaries or associated companies of the Group of which Ms Shih has oversight as Director of the Company. She has over 35 years of experience in the legal, regulatory, corporate finance, compliance and corporate governance fields. Ms Shih is the immediate past International President and current member of the Executive Committee of The Chartered Governance Institute (“CGI”) as well as a past President of The Hong Kong Chartered Governance Institute (“HKCGI”, formerly known as The Hong Kong Institute of Chartered Secretaries) and current chairperson of its Nomination Committee. She is also Chairman of the Process Review Panel for the Financial Reporting Council, a panel member of the Securities and Futures Appeals Tribunal and a member of the Hong Kong-Europe Business Council. Ms Shih is a solicitor qualified in England and Wales, Hong Kong and Victoria, Australia and a Fellow of both the CGI and HKCGI, holding Chartered Secretary and Chartered Governance Professional dual designations. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree and a Master of Arts degree from the University of the Philippines as well as a Master of Arts degree and a Master of Education degree from Columbia University, New York.
- CHOW Kun Chee, Roland, aged 85, has been a Non-executive Director of the Company since January 2015. He was a Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since 1993 until June 2015. The listing status of Cheung Kong (Holdings) on the SEHK was replaced by the Company in March 2015. He was an Independent Non-executive Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) prior to his re-designation as a Non-executive Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) in September 2004. Mr Chow is a solicitor of the High Court of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and is a consultant of Messrs. Herbert Tsoi and Partners, Solicitors. He holds a Master of Laws degree from the University of London. Mr Chow is a director of certain substantial shareholders (within the meaning of the SFO) of the Company and certain companies controlled by substantial shareholders of the Company.
- LEE Yeh Kwong, Charles, GBM, GBS, OBE, JP, aged 86, has been a Non-executive Director of the Company since January 2015. Mr Lee was a Non-executive Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since 2013 until June 2015. The listing status of Cheung Kong (Holdings) on the SEHK was replaced by the Company in March 2015. He was a Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) during the period from August 1972 to March 1997. Mr Lee was also a Non-executive Director of HWL since 2013 until June 2015 upon the privatisation of HWL by way of a scheme of arrangement, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. He is a Vice Patron of The Community Chest of Hong Kong as well as a member of the Board of Governors of Our Hong Kong Foundation. Mr Lee is one of the founders of the solicitor’s firm Woo Kwan Lee & Lo, a major law firm in Hong Kong. He was previously the President and Chairman of the Board of The Community Chest of Hong Kong. He holds a Master’s degree in law and is a qualified solicitor in both Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws honoris causa by The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the degree of Doctor of Business Administration honoris causa by The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the degree of Doctor of Social Sciences honoris causa by the University of Hong Kong and The Open University of Hong Kong (now known as The Hong Kong Metropolitan University) respectively. Mr Lee is also a Chartered Secretary and Chartered Governance Professional.
- George Colin MAGNUS, OBE, BBS, aged 87, has been a Non-executive Director of the Company since January 2015. He acted as an Executive Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since 1980 and Deputy Chairman since 1985 until he retired from these offices in October 2005. The listing status of Cheung Kong (Holdings) on the SEHK was replaced by the Company in March 2015. He was a Non-executive Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since November 2005 until June 2015. Mr Magnus was an Executive Director of HWL since 1980 and was re-designated as a Non-executive Director since November 2005 until June 2015 upon the privatisation of HWL by way of a scheme of arrangement, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. He served as Deputy Chairman of HWL from 1984 to 1993. He is also a Non-executive Director of CKI, an Independent Non-executive Director of HKEIML as the trustee-manager of HKEI, and HKEIL. He holds a Master’s degree in Economics from King’s College, Cambridge.
- WOO Mo Fong, Susan (alias CHOW WOO Mo Fong, Susan), aged 69, has been a Non-executive Director of the Company since January 2017. She was an Executive Director and Group Deputy Managing Director of the Company from June 2015 to July 2016, Senior Advisor of the Company from August 2016 to December 2016, Executive Director of HWL (which was privatised by way of a scheme of arrangement and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company since June 2015) from October 1993 to June 2015, Deputy Group Managing Director of HWL from January 1998 to June 2015 and Director of HWL from June 2015 to July 2016. Prior to joining HWL, Mrs Chow was a partner of Woo Kwan Lee & Lo, a major law firm in Hong Kong. Mrs Chow is a Director of HTAL and an Independent Non-executive Director of Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited. She is also an Alternate Director to Directors of CKI, HKEIML as the trustee-manager of HKEI, and HKEIL. She previously served as a member of the Listing Committee of the SEHK, the Joint Liaison Committee on Taxation of the Law Society of Hong Kong, the Committee on Real Estate Investment Trusts (“REIT Committee”) of the Securities and Futures Commission, the Trade and Industry Advisory Board, the Court of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and the Appeal Boards Panel (Education). Mrs Chow is a qualified solicitor and holds a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration.
- Philip Lawrence KADOORIE, aged 30, has been an Independent Non-executive Director of the Company since 16 December 2022. He is a Non-executive Director of CLP Holdings Limited and The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels, Limited. He is also a Director of Sir Elly Kadoorie & Sons Limited, Heliservices (Hong Kong) Limited and Metrojet Limited. Mr Kadoorie has CLP market experience, global market experience, property industry experience, and expertise in other industries. Mr Kadoorie holds a Bachelor of Science Degree in Communication from Boston University and a FAA Commercial Pilot’s Licence.
- LAU Yau Fun, Sophie (alias LEUNG LAU Yau Fun, Sophie), GBS, SBS, OBE, JP, aged 77, has been an Independent Non-executive Director of the Company since 28 December 2021 and a member of the Nomination Committee of the Company since 29 August 2022. She was a member of the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region from 1996 to 2012, representing the textile and garment industry, and was a Deputy of the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China from 2003 to 2017. Mrs Leung is a director since the 1970s of a number of large textile conglomerates in Hong Kong with businesses extending globally. She is also a member of several key government and non-government organisations and institutes that support and enhance the development of the textile and garment industry in Hong Kong and Southern China. Mrs Leung is widely recognised for her public service contributions to the development and implementation of the health care system in Hong Kong. She was a founding member of the Hospital Authority. Her commitment is further reflected in her chairmanship in the governing committees and management boards of major hospitals such as Queen Mary Hospital, Castle Peak Hospital, Tsan Yuk Hospital, Yan Chai Hospital, Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital and the privately funded Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital. Mrs Leung was a member of the Financial Reporting Council of Hong Kong from its establishment in 2006 to 2012. She is the founder and Chairman of The Young Entrepreneurs Development Council and the Honorary President and founding member of the Hong Kong Federation of Women. Mrs Leung has always focused on corporate governance and co-founded the Hong Kong Institute of Directors in 1997 to nurture directors of companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. She was also the founding Chairperson of the Women’s Commission in early 2001 and Vice-Chairman of the United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Hong Kong. Mrs Leung holds a Bachelor of Mathematics and Computer Science degree from the University of Illinois. She has been awarded Honorary University Fellowships by The Open University of Hong Kong (now known as The Hong Kong Metropolitan University) and Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
- LEE Wai Mun, Rose, JP, aged 69, has been an Independent Non-executive Director of the Company since June 2015 and a member of the Audit Committee of the Company since 29 August 2022. She was an Independent Non-executive Director of HWL since 2012 until June 2015 upon the privatisation of HWL by way of a scheme of arrangement, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. She is also an Independent Non-executive Director of Swire Pacific Limited and MTR Corporation Limited, a Board Member of the West Kowloon Cultural District Authority, a member of its Investment Committee, as well as Vice Patron of The Community Chest of Hong Kong. Ms Lee was previously the Vice-Chairman and Chief Executive of Hang Seng Bank Limited, Group General Manager of HSBC Holdings plc, Director of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, Chairman of the Board of Governors of The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong and Vice President of The Hong Kong Institute of Bankers. Ms Lee is a Fellow of The Hong Kong Institute of Bankers. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration.
- Paul Joseph TIGHE, aged 66, has been an Independent Non-executive Director of the Company since December 2020 and a member of the Audit Committee of the Company since 13 May 2021. He is an Independent Non-executive Director of CKI and CKLS. He has over 35 years of experience in government and public policy, and has held various positions at the headquarters of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade in Canberra, Australia, including as head of the Department’s Trade and Economic Policy Division, head of the Diplomatic Security, Information Management and Services Division, head of the Agriculture and Resources Branch and Director of the International Economic Analysis Section. Mr Tighe previously worked in, among others, the Secretariat of, and served as Counsellor to, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in Paris. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of New South Wales.
- WONG Kwai Lam, aged 73, has been an Independent Non-executive Director of the Company since May 2020, a member and the Chairman of the Audit Committee of the Company since May 2020 and 29 August 2022 respectively and a member of the Remuneration Committee of the Company since May 2020. Mr Wong is an Independent Non-executive Director of HPHM as trustee-manager of HPH Trust, ARA Asset Management (Prosperity) Limited as manager of Prosperity Real Estate Investment Trust, K. Wah International Holdings Limited, LHIL Manager Limited as trustee-manager of Langham Hospitality Investments and Langham Hospitality Investments Limited. He has over 30 years of experience in the commercial and investment banking industry. He worked with Merrill Lynch (Asia Pacific) Ltd. (“Merrill Lynch”) from May 1993 to August 2009 where he served as a Managing Director in the Asia Investment Banking Division since January 1995. He was appointed as a Senior Client Advisor to Merrill Lynch in September 2009 and served in that position for one year. Prior to joining Merrill Lynch, Mr Wong had been a Director in the Investment Banking Division of CS First Boston (Hong Kong) Limited and a Director and the Head of Primary Market in Standard Chartered Asia Limited. Mr Wong is currently Chairman of IncitAdv Consultants Limited, Chairman of Hong Kong Grand Opera Company Limited, Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees and a member of the Investment Sub-committee of the Board of Trustees of New Asia College of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Director of CUHK Medical Centre Limited and Advisor of The Chamber of Hong Kong Listed Companies. He is a former member of the Advisory Committee and the REIT Committee of the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong. Mr Wong holds a Bachelor of Arts degree and a PhD degree.
- WONG Yick-ming, Rosanna, DBE, JP, aged 70, has been an Independent Non-executive Director of the Company since January 2015, Chairman of the Remuneration Committee of the Company since March 2015, a member and Chairman of the Nomination Committee of the Company since January 2019 and November 2020 respectively, and a member of the Sustainability Committee of the Company since June 2020. She was an Independent Non-executive Director of Cheung Kong (Holdings) since 2001 until June 2015. The listing status of Cheung Kong (Holdings) on the SEHK was replaced by the Company in March 2015. She was previously an Alternate Director of the Company and Cheung Kong (Holdings). She is currently a member of the 13th National Committee of the CPPCC of the People’s Republic of China. She is an Independent Non-executive Director of HTHKH and The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels, Limited, the Senior Advisor of The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups (“HKFYG”), an Honorary Steward of The Hong Kong Jockey Club, a member of the Board of Governors of Our Hong Kong Foundation and Chairman of Asia International School Limited. She was previously the Executive Director of HKFYG, Non-executive Chairman of the Advisory Committee of The Hongkong Bank Foundation, an Independent Non-executive Director of The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, Chairman and member of the Consultation Panel of the West Kowloon Cultural District Authority and a member of The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Business School Advisory Council. She holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Sociology from the University of California (Davis), U.S.A. and has been awarded Honorary Doctorates by The Chinese University of Hong Kong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the University of Hong Kong, The Hong Kong Institute of Education and University of Toronto in Canada. Dr Wong is also an Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics and Political Science.
16 December 2022